深入解析Flowable工作流引擎：從原理到實(shí)踐

作者：Shepherd 2025-09-04 01:33:00

Flowable在功能豐富性和易用性之間取得了良好平衡，雖然表結(jié)構(gòu)看似復(fù)雜，但通過合理配置可以大幅簡化。對(duì)于需要完整BPM功能又希望保持輕量集成的Java項(xiàng)目，它仍然是目前最好的選擇之一，非常適合Spring技術(shù)棧的項(xiàng)目快速整合工作流。

1.概述

最近在研究工作流功能，所以趁此機(jī)會(huì)在這里深入了解下工作流相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)和流程引擎開源框架。工作流也可以叫審批流，在當(dāng)下互聯(lián)網(wǎng)快速發(fā)展和自動(dòng)化辦公的背景下，有很多業(yè)務(wù)場景都是需要走流程審批的，比如說日常的請假流程：提交申請→領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批→通過或拒絕→抄送人事→結(jié)束。那到底什么是工作流呢？

工作流是什么？

工作流是對(duì)工作流程及其各操作步驟之間業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)則的抽象、概括描述。工作流建模，即將工作流程中的工作如何前后組織在一起的邏輯和規(guī)則，在計(jì)算機(jī)中以恰當(dāng)?shù)哪Ｐ捅磉_(dá)并對(duì)其實(shí)施計(jì)算。工作流要解決的主要問題是：為實(shí)現(xiàn)某個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)目標(biāo)，利用計(jì)算機(jī)在多個(gè)參與者之間按某種預(yù)定規(guī)則自動(dòng)傳遞文檔、信息或者任務(wù)。簡單來說，工作流就是對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)的流程化抽象。

開源的工作流引擎很多，比如 activiti、Flowable、Camunda 等，后兩個(gè)都是基于activiti分叉出來開發(fā)的，所以這些框架都是同宗同源的，研究一個(gè)即可，其他的使用套路，實(shí)現(xiàn)原理都是差不多的。這里就來聊聊當(dāng)下使用較多，比較主流框架：Flowable

2.Flowable核心概念和原理

Flowable是一個(gè)基于Apache 2.0許可證的開源工作流引擎，源自Activiti項(xiàng)目分支。它實(shí)現(xiàn)了BPMN 2.0規(guī)范，提供了完整的流程定義、執(zhí)行和監(jiān)控能力。

BPMN(Bussiness Process Model Notation)：業(yè)務(wù)流程管理和符號(hào), 簡單來說就是工作流模型，是一種流行的業(yè)務(wù)流程建模語言。它是為業(yè)務(wù)流程建模而設(shè)計(jì)的，用于支持業(yè)務(wù)流程管理，包括分析、設(shè)計(jì)、優(yōu)化和實(shí)施。通過提供易于理解的、視覺化的圖形表示法，使得非技術(shù)性的業(yè)務(wù)人員也能很好地理解業(yè)務(wù)過程。

下面是Flowable官網(wǎng)的核心api架構(gòu)圖：

服務(wù)接口	職責(zé)說明	典型方法示例
RepositoryService	流程定義和部署管理	deploy(), createDeployment()
RuntimeService	流程運(yùn)行時(shí)控制	startProcessInstanceByKey()
TaskService	用戶任務(wù)操作	complete(), claim()
HistoryService	歷史數(shù)據(jù)查詢	createHistoricTaskInstanceQuery()
ManagementService	引擎管理和維護(hù)	executeCustomSql()

ProcessEngine：整個(gè)Flowable引擎的核心入口，通過它可以獲取所有Service

ProcessEngine processEngine = ProcessEngines.getDefaultProcessEngine();
RuntimeService runtimeService = processEngine.getRuntimeService();

核心流程：

圖片

3.Spring Boot整合實(shí)戰(zhàn)

3.1 依賴配置

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.flowable</groupId>
    <artifactId>flowable-spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
    <version>6.7.2</version>
</dependency>

3.2 流程模型定義

設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)請假流程如下圖所示：

圖片

在服務(wù)的資源文件resources下新建一個(gè)processes目錄，然后定義一個(gè)流程文件：leave-process.bpmn20.xml:

<?xml versinotallow="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<definitions xmlns="http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/20100524/MODEL" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:flowable="http://flowable.org/bpmn" xmlns:bpmndi="http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/20100524/DI" xmlns:omgdc="http://www.omg.org/spec/DD/20100524/DC" xmlns:omgdi="http://www.omg.org/spec/DD/20100524/DI" typeLanguage="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" expressionLanguage="http://www.w3.org/1999/XPath" targetNamespace="http://www.flowable.org/processdef">
    <process id="leave-process" name="leave-process" isExecutable="true">
        <startEvent id="sid-3cb4e010-243b-401b-9ad3-4a1f8ecf35d7"/>
        <userTask id="sid-c60eebb9-3a5b-48f9-963c-d0b064344fad" name="請假" flowable:assignee="#{leaveTask}">
            <documentation>員工請假</documentation>
        </userTask>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-ff0c2afe-1c1c-4e2f-b2eb-5083c5fadb41" sourceRef="sid-3cb4e010-243b-401b-9ad3-4a1f8ecf35d7" targetRef="sid-c60eebb9-3a5b-48f9-963c-d0b064344fad"/>
        <userTask id="sid-dafc35fa-fa0f-49af-9f46-7074fa5a60ab" name="組長審批" flowable:assignee="#{teamTask}"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-32a2a643-9ce6-44f3-bb94-f9df3d97c49b" sourceRef="sid-c60eebb9-3a5b-48f9-963c-d0b064344fad" targetRef="sid-dafc35fa-fa0f-49af-9f46-7074fa5a60ab"/>
        <exclusiveGateway id="sid-c03f8946-a6cd-4e38-881a-70d450e32748" name="組長審批網(wǎng)關(guān)"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-bbed6467-cc35-41d2-ad08-2c3b17b8ca83" sourceRef="sid-dafc35fa-fa0f-49af-9f46-7074fa5a60ab" targetRef="sid-c03f8946-a6cd-4e38-881a-70d450e32748"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-afe09a37-7634-4166-8617-68d5f35edef7" sourceRef="sid-c03f8946-a6cd-4e38-881a-70d450e32748" targetRef="sid-c9544983-0465-43e0-b6fc-1dbd0f1e0687" name="組長審批通過">
            <conditionExpression xsi:type="tFormalExpression">${var:equals(checkResult,"通過")}</conditionExpression>
        </sequenceFlow>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-df2ad71d-6aa1-4d43-a9f9-bbdad8687e3a" sourceRef="sid-c03f8946-a6cd-4e38-881a-70d450e32748" targetRef="sid-e720a425-9f57-4a42-9833-b5f4f0175840" name="組長審批拒絕">
            <conditionExpression xsi:type="tFormalExpression">${var:equals(checkResult,"拒絕")}</conditionExpression>
        </sequenceFlow>
        <userTask id="sid-c9544983-0465-43e0-b6fc-1dbd0f1e0687" name="經(jīng)理審批" flowable:assignee="#{manageTask}"/>
        <exclusiveGateway id="sid-970d87f2-84d0-4603-ae25-163a0ae7ca53" name="經(jīng)理審批網(wǎng)關(guān)"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-ffa6dd8b-ae8d-47a5-a2ff-45d25e58dcac" sourceRef="sid-c9544983-0465-43e0-b6fc-1dbd0f1e0687" targetRef="sid-970d87f2-84d0-4603-ae25-163a0ae7ca53"/>
        <serviceTask id="sid-e720a425-9f57-4a42-9833-b5f4f0175840" flowable:exclusive="true" name="發(fā)送失敗提示" isForCompensation="true" flowable:class="com.xx.process.service.LeaveFailService"/>
        <endEvent id="sid-f158c31d-d760-4a06-bb4a-6ff8b156d2fb"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-6e2fc1e3-43be-4768-96f5-d9c7861cbce7" sourceRef="sid-e720a425-9f57-4a42-9833-b5f4f0175840" targetRef="sid-f158c31d-d760-4a06-bb4a-6ff8b156d2fb"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-c90c5e3e-e5c2-40f0-8324-44d548de0ef2" sourceRef="sid-970d87f2-84d0-4603-ae25-163a0ae7ca53" targetRef="sid-e720a425-9f57-4a42-9833-b5f4f0175840" name="經(jīng)理審批拒絕">
            <conditionExpression xsi:type="tFormalExpression">${var:equals(checkResult,"拒絕")}</conditionExpression>
        </sequenceFlow>
        <endEvent id="sid-ea363fd0-f4ad-4537-9faf-a9349aac16f1"/>
        <sequenceFlow id="sid-5cad8e7b-8ee3-4e34-b94f-920a362f578d" sourceRef="sid-970d87f2-84d0-4603-ae25-163a0ae7ca53" targetRef="sid-ea363fd0-f4ad-4537-9faf-a9349aac16f1" name="經(jīng)理審批通過">
            <conditionExpression xsi:type="tFormalExpression">${var:equals(checkResult,"通過")}</conditionExpression>
        </sequenceFlow>
    </process>
    <bpmndi:BPMNDiagram id="BPMNDiagram_ask_for_leave">
        <bpmndi:BPMNPlane bpmnElement="ask_for_leave" id="BPMNPlane_ask_for_leave">
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-013aa23c-13e6-466e-942b-6a1a308eeda7" bpmnElement="sid-3cb4e010-243b-401b-9ad3-4a1f8ecf35d7">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-2235.0" y="-1200.0" width="30.0" height="30.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-10dbd0c8-a3b1-4a9e-b214-5c506e80fd1d" bpmnElement="sid-c60eebb9-3a5b-48f9-963c-d0b064344fad">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-2145.0" y="-1224.9999" width="100.0" height="80.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-97bf72f7-edcb-4813-9e03-73bc597d1492" bpmnElement="sid-ff0c2afe-1c1c-4e2f-b2eb-5083c5fadb41">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-2205.0" y="-1185.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-2145.0" y="-1184.9999"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-df2f6c22-1d44-4180-94fb-87753f871822" bpmnElement="sid-dafc35fa-fa0f-49af-9f46-7074fa5a60ab">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1945.0" y="-1225.0001" width="100.0" height="80.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-e0d1746e-e6b5-481a-a492-83881d2a9c22" bpmnElement="sid-32a2a643-9ce6-44f3-bb94-f9df3d97c49b">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-2045.0" y="-1184.9999"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1945.0" y="-1185.0001"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-6e0e9d80-5884-4ca5-847d-d3e555005c51" bpmnElement="sid-c03f8946-a6cd-4e38-881a-70d450e32748">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1735.0" y="-1205.0" width="40.0" height="40.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-9dbfbe2b-c839-44eb-b74b-fceee48631b7" bpmnElement="sid-bbed6467-cc35-41d2-ad08-2c3b17b8ca83">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1845.0" y="-1185.0001"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1735.0" y="-1185.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-1ff96c95-d96d-4241-9d0f-85414bbb3859" bpmnElement="sid-c9544983-0465-43e0-b6fc-1dbd0f1e0687">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1570.0" y="-1224.9999" width="100.0" height="80.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-f8f6488f-354a-490c-9d22-1f57e9a654d4" bpmnElement="sid-afe09a37-7634-4166-8617-68d5f35edef7">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1695.0" y="-1185.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1632.5" y="-1185.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1570.0" y="-1184.9999"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-bb52e23c-ee53-4073-9b74-c5dca8459100" bpmnElement="sid-970d87f2-84d0-4603-ae25-163a0ae7ca53">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1395.0" y="-1205.0" width="40.0" height="40.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-6e5e32bc-5b44-41f5-97e6-458c1aa7b7f3" bpmnElement="sid-ffa6dd8b-ae8d-47a5-a2ff-45d25e58dcac">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1470.0" y="-1184.9999"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1395.0" y="-1185.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-26269b4b-a620-4e2f-a463-145fdfd8c0b1" bpmnElement="sid-e720a425-9f57-4a42-9833-b5f4f0175840">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1764.9999" y="-1055.0" width="100.0" height="80.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-47431d28-2f8b-4b2c-81e0-19dc832d1880" bpmnElement="sid-f158c31d-d760-4a06-bb4a-6ff8b156d2fb">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1910.0" y="-1030.0" width="30.0" height="30.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-cfc9460b-eaf6-44ee-9baa-300e89b18f4d" bpmnElement="sid-6e2fc1e3-43be-4768-96f5-d9c7861cbce7">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1764.9999" y="-1015.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1880.0" y="-1015.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-46d26639-0c9b-40da-b5ec-10678783920b" bpmnElement="sid-c90c5e3e-e5c2-40f0-8324-44d548de0ef2">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1375.0" y="-1165.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1375.0" y="-1015.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1664.9998" y="-1015.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNShape id="shape-cfc8c0f0-f529-4023-83a6-e8635533be1b" bpmnElement="sid-ea363fd0-f4ad-4537-9faf-a9349aac16f1">
                <omgdc:Bounds x="-1200.0" y="-1200.0" width="30.0" height="30.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNShape>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-5c22485e-bc92-4af7-b814-6f384c98ba5d" bpmnElement="sid-5cad8e7b-8ee3-4e34-b94f-920a362f578d">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1355.0" y="-1185.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1200.0" y="-1185.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
            <bpmndi:BPMNEdge id="edge-eb5ecc69-91e8-4e50-81e2-14123d77ee2d" bpmnElement="sid-df2ad71d-6aa1-4d43-a9f9-bbdad8687e3a">
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1715.0" y="-1165.0"/>
                <omgdi:waypoint x="-1714.9999" y="-1055.0"/>
            </bpmndi:BPMNEdge>
        </bpmndi:BPMNPlane>
    </bpmndi:BPMNDiagram>
</definitions>

這樣項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)之后，F(xiàn)lowable會(huì)自動(dòng)加載這個(gè)流程定義文件，寫入數(shù)據(jù)庫相關(guān)表。

3.3 流程模型使用

基于模型發(fā)起一次審批流程：

@Autowired
  RuntimeService runtimeService;

@Autowired
  TaskService taskService;

// 員工id
publicstaticfinal String userId = "user_001";
// 組長id
publicstaticfinal String teamId = "team_001";
// 部門經(jīng)理id
publicstaticfinal String depId = "dep_001";

@Test
public void leaveRequest() {
      HashMap<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
      map.put("leaveTask", userId);
      // 開啟流程的key，就是流程定義文件里 process 標(biāo)簽的id
      ProcessInstance processInstance = runtimeService.startProcessInstanceByKey("leave-process", map);
      // 設(shè)置一些參數(shù)
      runtimeService.setVariable(processInstance.getId(), "name", "java-boy");
      runtimeService.setVariable(processInstance.getId(), "reason", "想休息個(gè)幾天，心累了");
      runtimeService.setVariable(processInstance.getId(), "days", 3);
      log.info("======>>>創(chuàng)建請假流程, 流程實(shí)例processInstanceId：{}", processInstance.getId());

  }

上面的實(shí)現(xiàn)邏輯其實(shí)就是員工user001發(fā)起了一次請假申請，并附帶了一些變量信息，比如說請假幾天之類的。

提交請假：

/**
   * 員工提交請假
   */
  @Test
  public void submitToTeam() {
      // 員工查找到自己的任務(wù)，然后提交給組長審批
      List<Task> list = taskService.createTaskQuery().taskAssignee(userId).orderByTaskId().desc().list();
      for (Task task: list) {
          Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
          // 提交給組長的時(shí)候，需要指定組長的 id
          map.put("teamTask", teamId);
          taskService.complete(task.getId(), map);
      }

  }

審批：

/**
     * 組長批準(zhǔn)請假
     */
    @Test
    public void teamApprove() {
        List<Task> list = taskService.createTaskQuery().taskAssignee(teamId).orderByTaskId().desc().list();
        for (Task task: list) {
                Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>();
                //提交給組長的時(shí)候，需要指定組長的 id
                map.put("manageTask", depId);
                map.put("checkResult", "通過");
                map.put("teamTask", teamId);

                try {
                    taskService.complete(task.getId(), map);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    log.error("組長審批失敗{} {}", task.getId(), task.getAssignee(), e);
                }

            }
        }

    }

4.總結(jié)

責(zé)任編輯：武曉燕來源： Shepherd進(jìn)階筆記

Flowable 工作流引擎